English (official); major vernaculars: Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga; about 70 other indigenous languages
English (official), Shona, Ndebele (Sindebele), numerous minor tribal dialects
Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
Swahili, English (both official); Arabic; many local languages
Bislama 23% (a Melanesian pidgin English), English 2%, French 1% (all 3 official); more than 100 local languages 73%
Thai (Siamese), English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects
Italian, Latin, French, various other languages
French (official, commerce); Ewé, Mina (south); Kabyé, Dagomba (north); and many dialects
Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects
Tongan (an Austronesian language), English
Vietnamese (official); English (increasingly favored as a second language); some French, Chinese, Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese
Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
Arabic (official, commerce), French (commerce)
Arabic
Turkish (official), Kurdish, Dimli, Azeri, Kabardian
Turkmen 72%; Russian 12%; Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)
English (official), Ganda or Luganda, other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic
Ukrainian 67%, Russian 24%, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian
Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu
English, Welsh, Scots Gaelic
English 82%, Spanish 11% (2000)
Chinese (Mandarin, official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects
Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero
Mandarin 35%, English 23%, Malay 14.1%, Hokkien 11.4%, Cantonese 5.7%, Teochew 4.9%, Tamil 3.2%, other Chinese dialects 1.8%, other 0.9% (2000)
Slovak 84% (official), Hungarian 11%, Roma 2%, Ukrainian 1% (2001)
Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 5% (2002)
English 1%–2% (official), Melanesian pidgin (lingua franca), 120 indigenous languages
Somali (official), Arabic, English, Italian
IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%, English 8.2%, Setswana 8.2%, Sesotho 7.9%, Xitsonga 4.4%, other 7.2%
English (official), Arabic (includes Juba and Sudanese variants) (official), regional languages include Dinka, Nuer, Bari, Zande, Shilluk
Castilian Spanish 74% (official nationwide); Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% (each official regionally)
Sinhala 74% (official and national), Tamil 18% (national), other 8%; English is commonly used in government and spoken competently by about 10%
Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English
Dutch (official), Surinamese (lingua franca), English widely spoken, Hindustani, Javanese
English, siSwati (both official)
Swedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities
German 64%, French 20%, Italian 7% (all official); Romansch 0.5% (national)
Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood
English (official), Mende (southern vernacular), Temne (northern vernacular), Krio (lingua franca)
Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)
Arabic (official); English a common second language
Romanian (official), Hungarian, German
Russian, others
Kinyarwanda, French, and English (all official); Kiswahili in commercial centers
Spanish, Guaraní (both official)
English
Spanish, Quéchua (both official); Aymara; many minor Amazonian languages
