English (official); major vernaculars: Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga; about 70 other indigenous languages
English (official), Shona, Ndebele (Sindebele), numerous minor tribal dialects
Ukrainian 67%, Russian 24%, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian
Turkmen 72%; Russian 12%; Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Turkish (official), Kurdish, Dimli, Azeri, Kabardian
Arabic (official, commerce), French (commerce)
English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese
Tongan (an Austronesian language), English
French (official, commerce); Ewé, Mina (south); Kabyé, Dagomba (north); and many dialects
Thai (Siamese), English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects
Swahili, English (both official); Arabic; many local languages
Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
Chinese (Mandarin, official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects
Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)
English (official), Ganda or Luganda, other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic
Vietnamese (official); English (increasingly favored as a second language); some French, Chinese, Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Arabic
Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects
Italian, Latin, French, various other languages
Bislama 23% (a Melanesian pidgin English), English 2%, French 1% (all 3 official); more than 100 local languages 73%
Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero
English 82%, Spanish 11% (2000)
English, Welsh, Scots Gaelic
Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu
IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%, English 8.2%, Setswana 8.2%, Sesotho 7.9%, Xitsonga 4.4%, other 7.2%
Somali (official), Arabic, English, Italian
English 1%–2% (official), Melanesian pidgin (lingua franca), 120 indigenous languages
Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 5% (2002)
Slovak 84% (official), Hungarian 11%, Roma 2%, Ukrainian 1% (2001)
Mandarin 35%, English 23%, Malay 14.1%, Hokkien 11.4%, Cantonese 5.7%, Teochew 4.9%, Tamil 3.2%, other Chinese dialects 1.8%, other 0.9% (2000)
English (official), Mende (southern vernacular), Temne (northern vernacular), Krio (lingua franca)
English (official), Arabic (includes Juba and Sudanese variants) (official), regional languages include Dinka, Nuer, Bari, Zande, Shilluk
Castilian Spanish 74% (official nationwide); Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% (each official regionally)
Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood
German 64%, French 20%, Italian 7% (all official); Romansch 0.5% (national)
Swedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities
English, siSwati (both official)
Dutch (official), Surinamese (lingua franca), English widely spoken, Hindustani, Javanese
Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English
Sinhala 74% (official and national), Tamil 18% (national), other 8%; English is commonly used in government and spoken competently by about 10%
Kinyarwanda, French, and English (all official); Kiswahili in commercial centers
Russian, others
Arabic (official); English a common second language
Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)
Polish 98% (2002)
Filipino (based on Tagalog), English (both official); eight major dialects: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense
Spanish, Quéchua (both official); Aymara; many minor Amazonian languages
Spanish, Guaraní (both official)
